Abstract 190 years after the departure of the renowned German writer, one of his early works is of great importance today in order to understand the relevance of his criticism of societies entrenched in the annulment of individuals. This article aims to dwell on two specific points of the famous novella. The first point has to do with the incipient bureaucratization of work at the dawn of capitalist modernity in eighteenth-century Germany and the deformation of the subject, the consequence of which is an existence mediated by the thanatic. This primacy of the thanatic becomes the creation of a criminal potential and an alienation with a marked homicidal accent. The second point is related to a reading proposal: Goethe appropriates the elements of the Kriminalgeschichten to point out a series of social, religious and political problems linked to the revolutionary aspirations of the German bourgeoisie of the period. The conjunction of both elements allows to renew the importance of the novella in relation to a critique of the oppressive public legal, social and economic forms that are found in the contradictory ideological structures of modernity in Germany.

Resumen A los 190 años de la partida del reconocido escritor alemán, una de sus obras de juventud es importante para entender la actualidad de su crítica a las sociedades afianzadas en la anulación de los individuos. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo detenerse en dos puntos concretos de la celebre novela. El primer punto tiene que ver con la incipiente burocratización del trabajo en los albores de la modernidad capitalista en la Alemania del siglo XVIII y la deformación del sujeto, cuya consecuencia es una existencia mediada por lo tanático. Esta primacía de lo tanático deviene en la creación de un potencial criminal y en una enajenación con un marcado acento homicida. El segundo punto está relacionado con una propuesta de lectura: Goethe se apropia de los elementos de las Kriminalgeschichten para señalar una serie de problemas de orden social, religioso y político vinculadas a las aspiraciones revolucionarias de la burguesía alemana del período. La conjunción de ambos elementos permiten renovar la importancia de la novela en relación con una crítica a las formas opresivas estatales-jurídicas, sociales y económicas que se hallan en las contradictorias estructuras ideológicas de la modernidad en Alemania.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tinnitus is a problem that affects an important part of the population, whose causes are not entirely clear. Currently there is no cure or consensus on the treatment of tinnitus, which is ineffective in many cases, is accompanied by significant side effects or does not provide symptomatic relief to patients. Intratympanic injection of corticosteroids has been reported to improve symptoms. Objective: to determine the result of transtympanic infiltration of corticosteroids for the treatment of subjective tinnitus. Methods: The design of the study is observational, descriptive and correlational, sampling was non-probabilistic of consecutive cases. Adult patients with unilateral or bilateral tinnitus of more than one month of evolution as the main symptom were included. Results: 25 patients were included in the research, most of them were male with a mean age of approximately 45 years. The main type of hearing loss associated with these patients was sensorineural. No audiometric differences were found between pre and post infiltration. Conclusion: A large percentage of patients had a high degree of disability due to tinnitus and moderate to severe symptoms prior to treatment, after which this decreased, but not significantly.

RESUMEN Introducción: El acúfeno es un problema que afecta a una parte importante de la población, cuyas causas no están del todo claras. Actualmente no existe una cura ni consenso sobre el tratamiento de los acúfenos los cuales resultan ineficaces en muchos casos, se acompañan de efectos secundarios importantes o no proporcionan un alivio sintomatico a los pacientes. Se ha reportado que la inyección intratimpática de corticoesteroides mejora los síntomas. Objetivo: determinar el resultado de la infiltración transtimpánica de corticoides para el tratamiento de los acúfenos subjetivos. Metodología: El diseño es del estudio es observacional, descriptivo y correlacional, de muestreo fue no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Se incluyó pacientes mayores de edad con acúfenos uni o bilateral de más de un mes de evolución como síntoma principal. Resultados: Se incluyó a 25 pacientes en la investigación, la mayor parte era del sexo masculino con una media de edades de aproximadamente 45 años. El principal tipo de pérdida auditiva asociado a estos pacientes fue la de tipo neurosensorial. No se encontraron diferencias audiométricas entre el pre y post infiltración. Conclusión: Un gran porcentaje de los pacientes presentaba alto grado de discapacidad por acúfenos y síntomas moderados a graves previo al tratamiento, posterior al mismo, este disminuyo, pero no de manera significativa.

Abstract Background and objective. Brachial plexus injuries are devastating lesions for the patient and their environment, with great functional loss. They require multidisciplinary management, complete clinical evaluation and complementary neurophysiological studies, imaging studies or both. In recent decades, the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring has been proposed as a useful tool for brachial plexus surgery, and helps to individualize decision-making in primary reconstruction of brachial plexus injuries. We describe the experience using different modalities of intraoperative neuromonitoring in patients with brachial plexus injuries in Hospital Universitario San José y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá, Colombia. Methods. Retrospective case series, conducted using electronic medical data from Hand Surgery and Microsurgery services, videos and preoperative images taken by the surgeon, and findings described in the report of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, of patients with brachial plexus injuries operated in the study period. Results. Fourteen patients underwent brachial plexus reconstruction using intraoperative neuromonitoring during the study period: 11 male (78%) and 3 female (22%); 9 (65%) right upper extremity injuries and 5 (35%) left. Age ranged from 19 to 62 years old (average of 33 years). Main etiology was motorcyclist accident. Direct electrical stimulation and stimulated electromyography were used in all patients. Somatosensory evoked potentials were measured in 9 (64%) patients, and transcranial motor evoked potentials were measured in 8 (57%) patients. Conclusions. In brachial plexus injuries, intraoperative electrophysiological studies allow better classification of nerve injuries and provide an optimal individualized surgical management, without increasing operative time.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo. Introducción y objetivo. Las lesiones del plexo braquial tienen alto impacto en la persona y su entorno, con gran pérdida funcional. Estos pacientes requieren un manejo multidisciplinario, evaluación clínica completa, que se complementa con estudios de neurofisiología, imagenología o ambos. En las últimas décadas se han logrado avances en el tratamiento quirúrgico del plexo braquial, se ha propuesto el uso del neumoronitoreo intraoperatorio (NMIO) como herramienta útil en la exploración y toma de decisiones individualizadas en su reconstrucción primaria. Nuestro objetivo es describir la experiencia del uso de diferentes modalidades de NMIO en pacientes adultos con lesiones del plexo braquial en el Hospital Universitario San José y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá, Colombia. Material y método. Serie de casos, revisión de los registros del Servicio de Cirugía de la Mano y Microcirugía, videos e imágenes preoperatorias tomados por el cirujano, y hallazgos descritos en el informe del NMIO de pacientes adultos con lesiones de plexo braquial operados en el periodo de estudio. Resultados. Catorce pacientes sometidos a reconstrucción de plexo braquial con NMIO durante el periodo de estudio: 11 hombres (78%) y 3 mujeres (22%); lateralidad derecha 9 (65%) e izquierda 5 (35%). Rango de edad de 19 a los 62 años (media 33 años). La principal etiología fue accidente de tránsito (motocicleta). Respecto a las modalidades usadas, en todos los pacientes se utilizó estimulación eléctrica directa y electromiografía estimulada; en 9 pacientes (64%) se midió potenciales evocados somatosensoriales y en 8 (57%) se midió potenciales evocados motores transcraneales. Conclusiones. En las lesiones del plexo braquial, los estudios electrofisiológicos en el intraoperatorio permiten clasificar el estado de los nervios afectados y definir el mejor procedimiento quirúrgico reconstructivo, sin un aumento en el tiempo operatorio.

The Covid-19 pandemic has the entire world in agony, and Brazil is one of the countries being hit the hardest. This is the Fifth and final Article in the series that analyzes a pandemic-related decision made by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in August 2020, when it rejected Pfizer’s proposal to acquire 70 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. The question we ask is this: 1) Of the Brazilians aged 50 or older who died of Covid-19 in Brazil in July 2021, how many would still be alive if the Ministry of Health had acquired the 70 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in August 2020? 2) Among people who died of Covid-19 in Brazil, analyzing the conclusive results, these may be alive, if the Ministry of Health of Brazil will have acquired, in August 2020, as 70 million doses of the Pfizer / BioNTech vaccine? This series of studies is mentioned in the Final Report of the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (CPI) of the Covid-19 Pandemic of the Federal Senate, in Chapter 13, which deals with indictments, specifically in item 13.1, on preventable deaths, and in the Conclusions.

La pandemia de Covid-19 tiene al mundo entero en agonía, y Brasil es uno de los países más afectados. Este es el quinto y último artículo de la serie que analiza una decisión relacionada con una pandemia tomada por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en agosto de 2020, cuando rechazó la propuesta de Pfizer de adquirir 70 millones de dosis de la vacuna Pfizer / BioNTech. La pregunta que nos hacemos es la siguiente: 1) De los brasileños de 50 años o más que murieron de Covid-19 en Brasil en julio de 2021, ¿cuántos seguirían con vida si el Ministerio de Salud hubiera adquirido los 70 millones de dosis de Pfizer / BioNTech? vacuna en agosto de 2020? 2) Entre las personas que murieron por Covid-19 en Brasil, analizando los resultados concluyentes, ¿estos pueden estar vivos, si el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil habrá adquirido, en agosto de 2020, como 70 millones de dosis de la vacuna Pfizer / BioNTech? Esta serie de estudios se menciona en el Informe Final de la Comisión de Investigación Parlamentaria (CPI) de la Pandemia Covid-19 del Senado Federal, en el Capítulo 13, que trata de las acusaciones, específicamente en el ítem 13.1, sobre muertes evitables, y en el Conclusiones.

O mundo sofre com a pandemia da Covid-19. O Brasil é um dos países cuja população está sendo mais fortemente atingida. Este é o Quinto e último Artigo da série que analisa uma decisão tomada pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil durante a pandemia da Covid-19, que, em agosto de 2020, recusou a proposta da farmacêutica Pfizer para aquisição de 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer/BioNTech. Questiona-se: 1) Entre as pessoas com 50 anos ou mais de idade que faleceram de Covid-19 no Brasil, no mês de julho de 2021, quantas delas poderiam estar vivas, caso o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil tivesse adquirido, em agosto de 2020, as 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer/BioNTech? 2) Entre as pessoas que faleceram de Covid-19 no Brasil, quantas delas poderiam estar vivas, caso o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil tivesse adquirido, em agosto de 2020, as 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer/BioNTech? Essa série de estudos está citada no Relatório Final da Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito (CPI) da Pandemia da Covid-19 do Senado Federal, no Capítulo 13, que trata dos indiciamentos, especificamente no item 13.1, sobre as mortes evitáveis, e nas Conclusões.

Abstract This article explores a forgotten novel in Hans Fallada's literary production: Der Alpdruck. This novel, testimony of the suffering and hope of German society in the first years after World War II, explores the heritage of National Socialism in individual and collective life. Central concepts such as roots, identity and language become central elements to understand the consequences of political terror and the pain of an existence devoid of affective and reflective horizons. The article dwells on these concepts, analyzing some chapters of the novel to demonstrate the permanence of National Socialism in various aspects of the subjects, and the attempt to deal with this heritage in order to think Germany.

Resumen El presente artículo explora una novela olvidada en la producción literaria de Hans Fallada: Der Alpdruck. Esta novela, testimonio del sufrimiento y la esperanza de la sociedad alemana en los primeros años posteriores a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, indaga en la herencia del nacionalsocialismo en la vida individual y colectiva. Conceptos centrales como el arraigo, la identidad y el lenguaje se transforman en elementos centrales para comprender las consecuencias del terror político y el dolor de una existencia desprovista de horizontes afectivos y reflexivos. El artículo se detiene en dichos conceptos tomando algunos capítulos de la novela para evidenciar la permanencia del nacionalsocialismo en diversos aspectos de los sujetos y el intento de lidiar con dicha herencia para pensar Alemania.

The Covid-19 pandemic has the entire world in agony, and Brazil is one of the countries being hit the hardest. This is the Fourth Article in the series that analyzes a pandemic-related decision made by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in August 2020, when it rejected Pfizer’s proposal to acquire 70 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. The question we ask is this: of the Brazilians aged 60 or older who died of Covid-19 in Brazil in June 2021, how many would still be alive if the Ministry of Health had acquired the 70 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in August 2020?

El mundo sufre la pandemia de Covid-19. Brasil es uno de los países cuya población está siendo más afectada. Este es el cuarto artículo de la serie que analiza una decisión tomada por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil durante la pandemia Covid-19, que en agosto de 2020 rechazó la propuesta de la farmacéutica Pfizer de adquirir 70 millones de dosis de la vacuna Pfizer / BioNTech. Se cuestiona: entre las personas de 60 años o más que murieron por Covid-19 en Brasil, en junio de 2021, cuántos de ellos podrían haber estado vivos, si el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil lo hubiera adquirido, en agosto de 2020, el 70 millones de dosis de la vacuna Pfizer / BioNTech?

O mundo sofre com a pandemia da Covid-19. O Brasil é um dos países cuja população está sendo mais fortemente atingida. Este é o Quarto Artigo da série que analisa uma decisão tomada pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil durante a pandemia da Covid-19, que, em agosto de 2020, recusou a proposta da farmacêutica Pfizer para aquisição de 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer/BioNTech. Questiona-se: entre as pessoas com 60 anos ou mais de idade que faleceram de Covid-19 no Brasil, no mês de junho de 2021, quantas delas poderiam estar vivas, caso o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil tivesse adquirido, em agosto de 2020, as 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer/BioNTech?

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a quantidade de radiação recebida e acumulada no corpo de dois cirurgiões, durante período de 25 anos de trabalho, sendo um o cirurgião responsável e outro, assistente, nos procedimentos de cirurgia da coluna vertebral. Métodos Foram realizadas 72 cirurgias de coluna vertebral em um período de sete meses, e as cargas de radiação foram medidas nos dois cirurgiões. A medição da radiação foi captada em fluoroscópio nas incidências anteroposterior e de perfil. O cirurgião e o auxiliar utilizaram dois dosímetros, sendo um na região cervical protegendo a tireoide e outro sobre o avental de chumbo, na região genital. As cargas radioativas foram medidas em milisievert e as cargas acumuladas foram registradas mensalmente em ambas as regiões do corpo nos dois cirurgiões, durante sete meses, foram estimadas as médias no período (1, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 anos) de trabalho. Resultados Observou-se que no cirurgião as médias das cargas de radiação acumulada foram 131,9% e 176,92% superiores às do assistente nas regiões cervical e genital, respectivamente. Conclusão Enquanto o uso dos raios X for indispensável na rotina da cirurgia ortopédica, há de se considerar o desenvolvimento de técnicas de proteção, rigor e disciplina no uso materiais de segurança para os cirurgiões. Medidas preventivas de redução da exposição, como uso de equipamento para proteção da tireoide e girar a cabeça para se afastar do paciente durante a fluoroscopia, entre outras, devem ser obrigatórias para promover menor exposição à radiação. Nível de evidência II; Estudo prospectivo comparativo.

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the amount of radiation received and accumulated in the bodies of two surgeons, one being the responsible surgeon and the other the assistant, performing spine surgery procedures over a period of 25 years. Methods Seventy-two spinal surgeries were performed during a seven-month period and the radiation loads were measured in both surgeons. The measurement of radiation was captured in fluoroscopy in anteroposterior and lateral incidences. The surgeon and the assistant used two dosimeters, one in the cervical region protecting the thyroid and the other on the lead apron in the genital region. The radioactive loads were measured in millisieverts and the accumulated charges were recorded monthly in both regions of the body in the two surgeons for seven months and the means for the work periods (1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 years) were estimated. Results It was observed that in the surgeon the average accumulated radiation loads were 131.9% and 176.92% higher than those of the assistant in the cervical and genital regions, respectively. Conclusion While the use of X-rays is indispensable in routine orthopedic surgery, we have to consider the development of techniques of protection, rigor and discipline in the use of safety materials for surgeons. Preventive exposure reduction measures such as using thyroid protection equipment and turning the head away from the patient during fluoroscopy, among others, should be mandatory to promote less radiation exposure. Level of evidence II; Comparative prospective study.

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar la cantidad de radiación recibida y acumulada en el cuerpo de dos cirujanos, durante 25 años de trabajo, siendo uno el cirujano responsable y el otro, asistente, en los procedimientos de cirugía de columna vertebral. Métodos Se realizaron 72 cirugías de columna vertebral en un período de siete meses, y las cargas de radiación fueron medidas en los dos cirujanos. La medición de la radiación fue captada en fluoroscopio en las incidencias anteroposterior y de perfil. El cirujano y el auxiliar usaron dos dosímetros, siendo uno en la región cervical protegiendo la tiroides y otro sobre el delantal de plomo, en la región genital. Las cargas radiactivas se midieron en milisievert, y las cargas acumuladas se registraron mensualmente en ambas regiones del cuerpo, en los dos cirujanos, durante siete meses, y se estimaron los promedios durante el período (1, 5, 10, 15, 20 y 25 años) de trabajo. Resultados Se observó que en el cirujano los promedios de las cargas de radiación acumulada fueron de 131,9% y 176,92% superiores a las del asistente en las regiones cervical y genital, respectivamente. Conclusión Mientras el uso de rayos X sea indispensable en la rutina de la cirugía ortopédica, hay que considerar el desarrollo de técnicas de protección, rigor y disciplina en el uso de materiales de seguridad para los cirujanos. Las medidas preventivas de reducción de la exposición, como uso de equipamiento para protección de la tiroides y girar la cabeza para alejarse del paciente durante la fluoroscopia, entre otras, deben ser obligatorias para promover menor exposición a la radiación. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio prospectivo comparativo.

The Covid-19 pandemic has the entire world in agony, and Brazil is one of the countries being hit the hardest. This is the Third Article in the series that analyzes a pandemic-related decision made by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in August 2020, when it rejected Pfizer’s proposal to acquire 70 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. The question we ask is this: of the Brazilians aged 60 or older who died of Covid-19 in Brazil in May 2021, how many would still be alive if the Ministry of Health had acquired the 70 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in August 2020?

El mundo sufre la pandemia de Covid-19. Brasil es uno de los países cuya población está siendo más afectada. Este es el tercer artículo de la serie que analiza una decisión tomada por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil durante la pandemia Covid-19, que en agosto de 2020 rechazó la propuesta de la farmacéutica Pfizer de adquirir 70 millones de dosis de la vacuna Pfizer / BioNTech. La pregunta es: entre las personas de 60 años o más que murieron por Covid-19 en Brasil, en mayo de 2021, cuántos de ellos podrían haber estado vivos, si el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil lo hubiera adquirido, en agosto de 2020, el 70 millones de dosis de la vacuna Pfizer / BioNTech?

O mundo sofre com a pandemia da Covid-19. O Brasil é um dos países cuja população está sendo mais fortemente atingida. Este é o Terceiro Artigo da série que analisa uma decisão tomada pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil durante a pandemia da Covid-19, que, em agosto de 2020, recusou a proposta da farmacêutica Pfizer para aquisição de 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer/BioNTech. Questiona-se: entre as pessoas com 60 anos ou mais de idade que faleceram de Covid-19 no Brasil, no mês de maio de 2021, quantas delas poderiam estar vivas, caso o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil tivesse adquirido, em agosto de 2020, as 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer/BioNTech?

The Covid-19 pandemic has the entire world in agony, and Brazil is one of the countries being hit the hardest. This is the S econd Article in the series that analyzes a pandemic-related decision made by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in August 2020, when it rejected Pfizer’s proposal to acquire 70 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. The question we ask is this: of the Brazilians aged 70 or older who die d of Covid-19 in Brazil in April 2021, how many would still be alive if the Ministry of Health had acquired the 70 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in August 2020?

O mundo sofre com a pandemia da Covid-19. O Brasil é um dos países cuja população está sendo mais fortemente atingida. Este é o Segundo Artigo da série que analisa uma decisão tomada pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil durante uma pandemia da Covid-19, que, em agosto de 2020, recusou a proposta farmacêutica Pfizer para aquisição de 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer / BioNTech . Questiona-se: entre as pessoas com 70 anos ou mais de idade que faleceram de Covid-19 no Brasil, no mês de abril de 2021, quantas delas puderam estar vivas, caso o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil adquiriu adquirido, em agosto de 2020 , como 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer / BioNTech?

The Covid-19 pandemic has the entire world in agony, and Brazil is one of the countries being hit the hardest. This article analyzes a pandemic-related decision made by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in August 2020, when it rejected Pfizer’s proposal to acquire 70 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. The question we ask is this: of the Brazilians aged 80 or older who died of Covid-19 in Brazil in March 2021, how many would still be alive if the Ministry of Health had acquired the 70 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in August 2020?

O mundo sofre com a pandemia da Covid-19. O Brasil é um dos países cuja população está sendo mais fortemente atingida. Este Artigo analisa uma decisão tomada pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil durante a pandemia da Covid-19, que, em agosto de 2020, recusou a proposta da farmacêutica Pfizer para aquisição de 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer/BioNTech. Questiona-se: entre as pessoas com 80 anos ou mais de idade que faleceram de Covid-19 no Brasil, no mês de março de 2021, quantas delas poderiam estar vivas, caso o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil tivesse adquirido, em agosto de 2020, as 70 milhões de doses da vacina Pfizer/BioNTech?

Abstract This article proposes to study a prominent figure of the German expressionist movement little known in Spanish: Georg Heym. Notorious especially for his poetry and the strong influence that it exercised on the development of lyrics in 20th-century Germany, the study seeks to explore the author's lesser-known strand: his Novellen. Through this genre, the author radicalizes his aesthetic explorations, at the same time that he exposes the ideological formations of the bourgeoisie of the German Empire. In this sense, the present work offers also a political reading and the consequences of expressionist artistic creation in the spiritual configuration of National Socialism and the German identity. To investigate in depth these relations between philosophy, politics and literature in Wilhelmine Germany, a selection of the author's most emblematic Novellen is taken into consideration. With this in mind, the article presents a renewed reading of a fundamental author in the history of German literature.

Resumen El presente artículo propone estudiar a una figura destacada del movimiento expresionista alemán poco conocido en lengua española: Georg Heym. Notorio especialmente por su poesía y la fuerte influencia que ejerció en el desarrollo de la lírica en la Alemania del siglo XX, el estudio busca explorar la faceta menos conocida del autor: sus Novellen. A través de este género, el autor radicaliza sus exploraciones estéticas, al mismo tiempo que expone las formaciones ideológicas de la burguesía del Imperio Alemán. En este sentido, el presente trabajo también ofrece una lectura política y las consecuencias de la creación artística expresionista en la configuración espiritual del nacionalsocialismo y la identidad alemana. Para indagar a profundidad dichas relaciones entre filosofía, política y literatura en la Alemania guillermina, se toma en consideración una selección de las Novellen más emblemáticas del autor. Teniendo en cuenta esto, el artículo presenta una lectura renovada de un autor fundamental en la historia de la literatura alemana.

Este artículo aborda la influencia de las misiones francesas en el siglo XX y el surgimiento del modernismo artístico paulista como factores que contribuirán para la creación de la filosofía académica a partir de la fundación de la Universidad de São Paulo en 1934. Se utilizó de vasta bibliografía que documenta la llegada de los franceses en sus misiones académicas, artísticas y culturales y los impactos intelectuales causados por la enseñanza de la filosofía en la recién creada Facultad de Filosofía, Ciencias y Letras. Los objetivos principales de este trabajo son: describir la importancia de la experiencia universitaria francesa en el nacimiento de la investigación filosófica profesional en Brasil en un ambiente marcado por una renovación cultural modernizadora desde la Semana del Arte Moderno en 1922 y resaltar la perspectiva de los profesores franceses sobre los estudiantes universitarios brasileños en ese periodo.

Este artigo aborda a influência das missões francesas no século XX e o surgimento do modernismo artístico paulista como fatores que contribuíram para a criação da filosofia acadêmica a partir da fundação da Universidade de São Paulo em 1934. Utilizou-se de vasta bibliografia que documenta a chegada dos franceses em suas missões acadêmicas, artísticas e culturais e os impactos intelectuais provocados pelo ensino de filosofia na recém-criada Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras. Os objetivos principais deste trabalho são: descrever a importância da experiência universitária francesa no nascimento da investigação filosófica profissional no Brasil em um ambiente marcado por uma renovação cultural modernizante, a partir da Semana de Arte Moderna em 1922, e destacar a perspectiva dos professores franceses sobre os estudantes universitários brasileiros naquele período.

This article deals with the influence of French missions in the 20th century and the appearing of São Paulo s artistic modernism as factors that contributed to the creation of the academic philosophy at the University of São Paulo in 1934. In order to document the arrival of the French and of their academic, artistic and cultural missions and the intellectual impacts caused by the teaching of philosophy at the newly created Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, a vast bibliography was used. The main objectives of the present work are: to describe the importance of French university experience in the birth of professional philosophical research in Brazil, an environment marked by a cultural recovery since the Modern Art Week of 1922, and to highlight the perspective of French teachers on Brazilian university students in that period.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, graduate courses are evaluated by the National Graduate Program System and regulated by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), an agency linked to the Ministry of Education (MEC). The intellectual production of the faculty of the programs is the main criteria in determining a program’s grade. In this study, we verified whether the grade attributed to the programs is dependent on the co-authorship network of the faculty of the program. Particularly, we analyze whether programs composed mostly by faculty members who cooperate in academic productions and have a more central position in the co-authorship network perform better than those with faculty with fewer collaboration. The paper concludes that there is a relation between the programs’ grade and the number of faculty members that collaborates in their intellectual productions. It is also concluded that programs that improved the grade are composed mainly of faculty members with high centrality or have few faculty members with low centrality measures. Moreover, programs that have decreased their grade are formed mainly by faculty members with low centrality measures or with few faculty members with high centrality measures.

RESUMEN El maíz amarillo duro (Zea mays L. var. indurata) es producido principalmente en las zonas bajas o costeras del Ecuador (menos de 1200 m s.n.m.) y está destinado mayoritariamente para la elaboración de alimento balanceado. A pesar de que la producción de este cereal en el Ecuador se ha incrementado en los últimos años, se requieren de nuevos genotipos que permitan la autosuficiencia y eviten importaciones de maíz. El cultivo de maíz es realizado principalmente en la época de lluvia, cuando las irregulares precipitaciones se convierten en las principales limitantes para la productividad del cultivo. "INIAP H-603 Superior" es un híbrido simple de maíz desarrollado para expresar su potencial bajo condiciones de riego, lluvia o humedad remanente. El nuevo híbrido obtuvo rendimientos promedios de 8.48 t ha-1, superando a los híbridos comerciales INIAP H-602, DEKALB-7088 e INIAP H-553 y mostró tolerancia a las principales enfermedades que afectaron al cultivo: lancha (Exserohilum turcicum), roya (Puccinia sorghi), y mancha por curvularia (Curvularia lunata); así como buena adaptabilidad y estabilidad de rendimiento, con un coeficiente de regresión (bi) de 0.98, basado en pruebas multi-ambiente en 29 localidades, realizadas del 2010 al 2013. El mayor potencial de rendimiento del nuevo híbrido (10.82 t ha-1) se obtuvo en la época seca bajo riego.

ABSTRACT Yellow maize (Zea mays L. var. indurata) is mainly produced in the Ecuadorian lowlands (less than 1,200 m a.s.l.), primarily for feed production. Although Ecuador has recently increased maize production, new genotypes are needed for self-sufficiency and in order to avoid costly imports. Maize is sown mostly from December to January during the rainy season. However, the irregularity of rainfall has become a constraint on production. "INIAP H-603 Superior" is a new single-cross maize hybrid developed for the Ecuadorian lowlands with improved yields, which could contribute to domestic food security. The new hybrid had an average yield of 8.48 t ha-1 with outstanding performance under the rainfall, sustained moisture, and irrigation conditions, outperforming the commercial hybrids INIAP H-602, DEKALB-7088 and INIAP H-553. Additionally, the new hybrid showed tolerance to the principal foliar diseases: leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), rust (Puccinia sorghi), and leaf spot (Curvularia lunata), as well as good adaptability and stability, with a regression coefficient (bi) of 0.98 when it was evaluated in 29 locations from 2010 to 2013. The greatest yield potential of the new hybrid (10.82 t ha-1) was obtained with irrigation during the dry season.

ABSTRACT In this article, we have built a co-authorship network among researchers with CNPQ grant in research productivity (PQ) in the area of Industrial Engineering and analyze which Social Network Analysis metrics impact their productivity level. Unlike other studies that mostly analyze unweighted networks, ours explored more broadly the network since the metrics were calculated in three ways: unweighted, including the edges weights and including the edges and nodes’ attributes. Thus, the generated results are more precise and detailed since more information is obtained. We consider the h-index of the researchers as the nodes’ attributes and measured the impact using Kendall correlation. We show that geographical distance is still a barrier to collaboration among PQs in this area and that collaboration with researchers with different levels of grant has the greatest impact in the level of the grant a researcher has.